Dutch Grammar

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LESSON 1

The Pronouns — De Voornaamwoorden

To build a basic Dutch sentence, you need a subject. The subject is the person or thing that does the action in the sentence. Pronouns are very common as subjects, because they help you avoid repeating names all the time (for example, "hij" for he, or "zij" for she).

Dutch subject pronouns are divided into singular forms (one person) and plural forms (more than one person). Dutch also has a formal pronoun, "u", used in polite or respectful situations.

DutchEnglishType
Ik Isingular
Jij Yousingular
Hij Hesingular
Zij Shesingular
U You (formal)singular
Wij Weplural
Jullie You (plural)plural
Zij Theyplural

Stressed vs Unstressed Forms

Three pronouns — jij, zij, and wij — have shorter everyday forms: je, ze, and we. In normal conversation, the short forms are used most of the time. The full (stressed) forms are used when you want emphasis, for example to make a contrast.

Stressed (emphasis)Unstressed (everyday)Example
jijje Wat wil jij drinken? TranslateWat wil jij drinken? — What do you want to drink? → Wat wil je drinken? TranslateWat wil je drinken? — What do you want to drink?
zijze Zij is een aardige vrouw TranslateZij is een aardige vrouw. — She is a nice woman.Ze is een aardige vrouw TranslateZe is een aardige vrouw. — She is a nice woman.
wijwe Wij zijn niet moe TranslateWij zijn niet moe. — We are not tired.We zijn niet moe TranslateWe zijn niet moe. — We are not tired.
💡 Notice that "zij" can mean both "she" (singular) and "they" (plural). The verb form and context will tell you which meaning is intended: "Zij is aardig" (she) vs "Zij zijn aardig" (they).
PRACTICE

Pronoun Check

Choose the best Dutch subject pronoun to complete each sentence.

Question 0/8 Score 0

LESSON 2

The Verbs — De Werkwoorden

Now that you know the Dutch pronouns, the next step is verbs. In Dutch, every sentence needs a subject and a verb. A verb tells what happens, and its form changes (conjugates) based on the subject and tense.

For a regular verb in the present tense, start with the infinitive (full form), for example "werken." Remove -en to get the stem (the "ik-vorm"): werk. Then use the stem for ik, add -t for singular forms like jij / hij / zij / u, and use the full infinitive for plural forms wij / jullie / zij.

PronounRulewerken Translateto work
Ik werk elke dag — I work every day
luisteren Translateto listen
Ik luister naar muziek — I listen to music
reizen Translateto travel
Wij reizen naar Spanje — We travel to Spain
lopen Translateto walk
Hij loopt naar school — He walks to school
ikstemwerk luister reis loop
jij / ustem + twerkt luistert reist loopt
hij / zijstem + twerkt luistert reist loopt
wijinfinitivewerken luisteren reizen lopen
jullieinfinitivewerken luisteren reizen lopen
zij (pl.)infinitivewerken luisteren reizen lopen

The S/V Rule & Vowel Spelling

If you look at the verb "reizen," you'll notice the stem is "reis" and not "reiz." And "durven" becomes "durf," not "durv." Why? Because in Dutch there is a rule that words can never end on a "z" or "v." So when forming the stem, you must change z → s and v → f. This is called the s/v rule.

You'll also notice that "lopen" becomes "loop" (with a double "o"). This is about vowel spelling. In Dutch, the way you write vowels depends on whether the sound is long or short and how many syllables the word has:

SituationSpellingExample
1 syllable + long sounddouble vowelloop , raam
2+ syllables + long soundsingle vowello-pen , ta-len
1 syllable + short soundsingle voweltas , man
2+ syllables + short soundvowel + double consonantjassen , mannen
💡 These spelling rules apply everywhere in Dutch — not just with verbs. Once you internalize them, plurals, adjectives, and diminutives will make much more sense too.

Irregular Verbs

All the information above works for regular verbs. But irregular verbs simply don't follow the rules — they are the rebels! You need to memorize their forms. Here are some of the most important irregular verbs:

hebbento havezijnto begaanto go
ikheb ben ga
jijhebt bent gaat
hij/zijheeft is gaat
uhebt / heeft bent gaat
wijhebben zijn gaan
julliehebben zijn gaan
zij (pl.)hebben zijn gaan
Tip: Dutch verbs take different forms for person and tense. Many follow clear patterns, but some are irregular and must be learned separately. In Lesson 5, we focus on sentence word order.

Frequently Used Verbs

These are the most common Dutch verbs you'll encounter. Try to learn them together with their English meaning and practice conjugating each one with different pronouns.

DutchEnglish
zijn to be
hebben to have
worden to become
doen to do
zeggen to say
komen to come
zien to see
vinden to find
denken to think
nemen to take
maken to make
werken to work
spreken to speak
lezen to read
schrijven to write
eten to eat
drinken to drink
slapen to sleep
DutchEnglish
lopen to walk
blijven to stay
weten to know
staan to stand
zitten to sit
liggen to lie (down)
krijgen to get/receive
geven to give
kijken to watch
luisteren to listen
houden to hold
brengen to bring
wachten to wait
spelen to play
leren to learn
reizen to travel
helpen to help
heten to be called
PRACTICE

Lesson 2 Practice

Choose one activity below. Only one quiz is shown at a time, and you can switch whenever you want.

Choose The Correct Verb Form

Pick the correct present-tense verb form for the pronoun and infinitive.

Question 0/8 Score 0

LESSON 3

The Modal Verbs — Modale Werkwoorden

Modal verbs (modale werkwoorden / hulpwerkwoorden) are helper verbs. They don't usually stand alone; they work together with another verb. They add meaning like necessity, ability, permission, intention, or future.

Dutch uses six common modal verbs: moeten, willen, kunnen, mogen, zullen, and hoeven. Each one changes how your sentence sounds:

VerbMeaningWhat it expressesExample
moeten must / have toobligation or necessityIk moet vroeg opstaan. TranslateIk moet vroeg opstaan. - I have to get up early.
kunnen can / be able toability or possibilityZij kan goed zingen. TranslateZij kan goed zingen. - She can sing well.
willen wantdesire or willingnessWij willen koffie drinken. TranslateWij willen koffie drinken. - We want to drink coffee.
mogen may / allowed toasking or granting permissionMag ik hier zitten? TranslateMag ik hier zitten? - May I sit here?
zullen shall / willfuture tenseHij zal later komen. TranslateHij zal later komen. - He will come later.
hoeven need to (neg. only)something is not necessaryIk hoef niet te koken. TranslateIk hoef niet te koken. - I do not need to cook.
💡 "Willen" looks like English "will," but it means want. For future meaning, Dutch usually uses zullen.
💡 "Hoeven" is special: you normally use it in negative sentences (for example with "niet"). It means "not have to."

Modal Verb Conjugation

In the present tense, modal verbs are mostly irregular. So you usually cannot apply the regular stem + t rule. The good news is that many singular forms are short and repeat, and the plural forms are usually the infinitive.

A practical way to learn this table: first memorize the ik form, then the plural forms (wij / jullie / zij), and then the extra alternatives for jij (and sometimes u).

moetenkunnenwillenmogenzullenhoeven
ik
jijmoet kan / kunt wil / wilt mag zal / zult hoeft
hij/zij/umoet kan wil mag zal hoeft
wijmoeten kunnen willen mogen zullen hoeven
julliemoeten kunnen willen mogen zullen hoeven
zij (pl.)moeten kunnen willen mogen zullen hoeven
💡 In a full sentence, the modal verb is conjugated, and the second verb stays in the infinitive: "Ik moet eten." In Dutch word order, that infinitive usually goes to the end.
PRACTICE

Lesson 3 Practice

Choose one activity below. Quizzes use vocabulary from Lessons 1, 2, and 3.

Choose The Correct Modal Form

Pick the correct modal form for the pronoun.

Question 0/8 Score 0

LESSON 4

The Articles — De Lidwoorden

Articles are small words that come before nouns. Nouns are words for people, places, things, or ideas. In Dutch, there are three articles in total: two definite articles and one indefinite article.

"De" and "het" are definite. We use them when we mean a specific thing. For example, "de auto" means a particular car. "Een" is indefinite, so it means "a/an" and usually refers to any one thing: "een auto."

The hardest part is choosing between "de" and "het." There is no single perfect rule for every noun, but the three guidelines below will help you with most common words:

Definite (specific)Indefinite (any)Example
de-word de Translatethe een Translatea / an de auto / een auto Translatede auto / een auto - the car / a car
het-word het Translatethe een Translatea / an het huis / een huis Translatehet huis / een huis - the house / a house
plural (all) de Translatethe — (none) de huizen, de auto's Translatede huizen, de auto's - the houses, the cars

Three Rules for de vs het

RuleArticleExamples
Rule 1: For people or animals we use de de vader, de leraar, de buurvrouw, de hond, de kat
Exceptions: het kind, het meisje Translatede vader, de leraar, de buurvrouw, de hond, de kat
Exceptions: the child, the girl
Rule 2: For plural forms we always use de het boek → de boeken, het dorp → de dorpen Translatehet boek → de boeken, het dorp → de dorpen - the book → the books, the village → the villages
Rule 3: For diminutives (-je) we use het de auto → het autootje, de bloem → het bloemetje
But if the diminutive is plural, we use "de" again: het autootje → de autootjes Translatede auto → het autootje, de bloem → het bloemetje
If plural: the small car → the small cars
💡 For words that don't fit these three rules, the best strategy is to always learn a noun together with its article. Don't just learn "huis" — learn "het huis." Over time, the right article will start to feel natural.
PRACTICE

Lesson 4 Practice

Practice articles with vocabulary from Lessons 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Choose de, het, or een

Pick the correct article for the noun in context.

Question 0/8 Score 0

LESSON 5

The Sentence Structure — De Zinsstructuur

Dutch word order can change depending on the sentence type. The best place to start is the "hoofdzin" (main sentence). Once this pattern feels natural, other sentence patterns become much easier.

Think of the main sentence as up to six slots. Slot 1 is the subject, slot 2 is the conjugated verb, and those two stay next to each other. After that you can add time (when?), other information, place (where?), and finally a second verb in the infinitive. Not every sentence uses all six slots: short patterns like 1-2-3 ("Ik werk morgen.") and 1-2-5 ("Ik werk thuis.") are also correct.

The Main Sentence — De Hoofdzin

1. Subject
2. Verb
3. Time
4. Other
5. Place
6. Second Verb
Ik wil morgen in Utrecht werken.
I want to work in Utrecht tomorrow.
Mijn broer moet vanavond thuis koken.
My brother has to cook at home tonight.
De kinderen spelen vandaag in het park.
The children are playing in the park today.

Inversion — Hoofdzin met Inversie

In real Dutch, we often start with time, place, or another detail instead of the subject. As soon as you do that, word order changes: the verb comes before the subject. This pattern is called inversion.

Keep this one rule in mind: the conjugated verb must stay in position 2. So if position 1 is taken by something else, the subject moves to position 3. Position 1 does not need to be time; it can also be place or another detail ("In Utrecht werk ik."). Time is optional in inversion.

1. Time / Other
2. Verb
3. Subject
4. Other
5. Place
6. Second Verb
Morgen wil ik in Utrecht werken.
Tomorrow I want to work in Utrecht.
Vanavond moet mijn broer thuis koken.
Tonight my brother has to cook at home.

Starting with place is less common, but you can use it when you want to stress the location:

In het park spelen de kinderen vandaag.
In the park, the children are playing today.
💡 Quick check: If slot 1 is not the subject, use inversion: verb in position 2, subject in position 3.
PRACTICE

Lesson 5 Practice

Drag the words into the placeholders to build the correct sentence structure.

Build The Main Sentence

Use the six slots: Subject - Verb - Time - Other - Place - Second Verb.

Question 0/8 Score 0

LESSON 6

The Questions — De Vragen

In Dutch, you can ask questions in two main ways: start with a verb, or start with a question word. In both patterns you get inversion, so the verb comes before the subject (just like in Lesson 5).

Option 1: Yes/No Questions (Closed Questions)

In yes/no questions, the conjugated verb comes first. Because the subject comes after the verb, this is inversion. They are called "closed questions" because the answer is usually ja (yes) or nee (no).

1. Verb
2. Subject
3. Time
4. Other
5. Place
6. Second Verb?
Ga jij vanavond naar de film?TranslateGa jij vanavond naar de film? - Are you going to the movies tonight?
Are you going to the movies tonight?

Option 2: Open Questions (Question Words)

In open questions, you start with a question word (similar to English: who, what, where, when...). That question word takes position 1, the verb stays in position 2, and the subject comes in position 3.

DutchEnglishExample
Wie WhoWie is dat? TranslateWie is dat? - Who is that?
Wat WhatWat wil jij drinken? TranslateWat wil jij drinken? - What do you want to drink?
Waar WhereWaar woon jij? TranslateWaar woon jij? - Where do you live?
Wanneer WhenWanneer ga je op vakantie? TranslateWanneer ga je op vakantie? - When are you going on vacation?
Waarom WhyWaarom leer je Nederlands? TranslateWaarom leer je Nederlands? - Why are you learning Dutch?
Hoe HowHoe gaat het? TranslateHoe gaat het? - How are you?
Hoeveel How much / manyHoeveel kost het? TranslateHoeveel kost het? - How much does it cost?
Hoe laat What timeHoe laat begint de film? TranslateHoe laat begint de film? - What time does the movie start?
💡 Quick rule: Keep the verb in position 2: Question word → Verb → Subject → rest. Never put the subject before the verb in a question.
Waarom lacht hij?    ❌ Waarom hij lacht?
PRACTICE

Lesson 6 Practice

Choose one activity below. Only one quiz is shown at a time, and you can switch whenever you want.

Build Yes/No Question

Use this order: Verb - Subject - Time - Other.

Question 0/8 Score 0

LESSON 7

The Adjectives — De Bijvoeglijke Naamwoorden

Adjectives describe nouns: they tell you what something is like. Examples are "mooi" (beautiful), "leuk" (nice), "klein" (small), and "groot" (big). In Dutch, the adjective can change depending on where it appears in the sentence.

If the adjective comes before the noun, you usually add -e: de mooie tas, het kleine meisje, een mooie tas. The main exception is een + singular het-word, where the adjective stays in its base form: een klein meisje.

If the adjective is used after the noun (usually with a verb like "is"), it does not change: "De tas is mooi." Compare that with before the noun: "de mooie tas."

CombinationEndingExample
de + adj + noun + e de duure fiets Translatede dure fiets - the expensive bike
het + adj + noun + e het groote huis Translatehet grote huis - the big house
een + adj + de noun + e een nieuwe jas Translateeen nieuwe jas - a new jacket
een + adj + het noun ⚠️ NO -e een nieuw huis Translateeen nieuw huis - a new house
Tip: Add -e in almost every adjective phrase. The usual exception is an indefinite het-noun (for example: een nieuw huis).

Spelling Changes When Adding -e

When you add -e to an adjective, spelling may adjust to keep the same pronunciation. Use the patterns below as a pronunciation guide:

PatternWhat happensExample
Short vowelDouble the final consonantnat → natte Translatenat → natte - wet
Long double vowelDrop one vowel lettergroot → grote Translategroot → grote - big
Diphthong (ou, ei, ui…)No changeblauw → blauwe Translateblauw → blauwe - blue
Unstressed endingNo changeaardig → aardige Translateaardig → aardige - nice / kind
Ends on -fChange f → vlief → lieve Translatelief → lieve - sweet / dear
Ends on -sChange s → zgrijs → grijze Translategrijs → grijze - gray
Short vowel + f or sDouble consonant (no v/z change)fris → frisse Translatefris → frisse - fresh
Tip: Endings may shift from f to v or from s to z. With a short vowel before the final consonant, keep the sound by doubling that consonant instead.
PRACTICE

Lesson 7 Practice

Choose one activity below. Quizzes focus on adjective endings and spelling patterns.

Choose The Correct Ending

Pick the correct adjective form for each phrase.

Question 0/8 Score 0

LESSON 8

The Negation — De Ontkenning

In Dutch, we usually negate with two words: "niet" and "geen." You can think of this as choosing between "not" and "no / not any."

Core idea: use geen when you negate a noun and mean "no / not any." It is also the negative partner of een, and it still works with plurals and uncountable nouns.

Use niet for most other cases: adjectives, verbs, prepositions, pronouns, names, and specific things. So first look at the part you are negating, then choose the word:

Use geen when negating:

CheckExample
A noun (taart, tafel, fiets…)Hij koopt geen brood TranslateHij koopt geen brood. - He does not buy bread.
Plural nounsWij hebben geen nieuwe schoenen TranslateWij hebben geen nieuwe schoenen. - We do not have new shoes.
Uncountable nounsZij drinkt geen koffie TranslateZij drinkt geen koffie. - She does not drink coffee.
Languages and numbersIk spreek geen Spaans / Ik heb geen drie broers TranslateIk spreek geen Spaans / Ik heb geen drie broers. - I do not speak Spanish / I do not have three brothers.

Use niet when negating:

CheckExample
No noun in the negated partDe soep is niet warm TranslateDe soep is niet warm. - The soup is not warm.
A preposition (in, naar, op…)Wij gaan niet naar school TranslateWij gaan niet naar school. - We are not going to school.
A pronoun (mijn, deze, iedereen…)Dat is niet jouw boek TranslateDat is niet jouw boek. - That is not your book.
Something unique (names, etc.)Waarom is Pieter niet op kantoor? TranslateWaarom is Pieter niet op kantoor? - Why is Pieter not at the office?
💡 Quick decision method: Is there a bare noun (without de/het/mijn/deze in front of it) in the part you're negating? → Use geen. In all other situations → use niet.
PRACTICE

Lesson 8 Practice

Choose one activity below. Questions include words from Lessons 1 to 7.

Option 1: Choose geen or niet

Pick the correct negation word for each sentence.

Question 0/8 Score 0

LESSON 9

The Possessive Pronouns — Bezittelijke Voornaamwoorden

In Lesson 1 you learned personal pronouns (ik, jij, hij, zij...). Now we move to possessive pronouns: words that show who something belongs to. You can use them before a noun (mijn tas = my bag) or in a phrase with van (de tas is van mij = the bag is mine).

SubjectObject (after preposition)Possessive (before noun)Example
ik mij / me mijn Dit is mijn fiets / De fiets is van mij TranslateDit is mijn fiets / De fiets is van mij. - This is my bike / The bike is mine.
jij jou / je jouw Dit is jouw jas / De jas is van jou TranslateDit is jouw jas / De jas is van jou. - This is your jacket / The jacket is yours.
hij hem zijn Dit is zijn sleutel / De sleutel is van hem TranslateDit is zijn sleutel / De sleutel is van hem. - This is his key / The key is his.
zij haar haar Dit is haar telefoon / De telefoon is van haar TranslateDit is haar telefoon / De telefoon is van haar. - This is her phone / The phone is hers.
u u uw Dit is uw agenda / De agenda is van u TranslateDit is uw agenda / De agenda is van u. - This is your agenda / The agenda is yours (formal).
wij ons ons / onze Dit is ons huis / Dit is onze auto TranslateDit is ons huis / Dit is onze auto. - This is our house / This is our car.
jullie jullie jullie Dit is jullie kamer / De kamer is van jullie TranslateDit is jullie kamer / De kamer is van jullie. - This is your room / The room is yours (plural).
zij (pl.) hen hun Dit is hun laptop / De laptop is van hen TranslateDit is hun laptop / De laptop is van hen. - This is their laptop / The laptop is theirs.
💡 Ons vs onze: There is one important special case with wij. Use ons before a singular het-word (ons huis, ons boek). Use onze before de-words and plural nouns (onze tas, onze vrienden).
PRACTICE

Lesson 9 Practice

Choose one activity below. Questions use vocabulary from Lessons 1 to 9.

Option 1: Choose The Correct Possessive

Pick the correct possessive pronoun in context.

Question 0/8 Score 0

LESSON 10

The Degrees of Comparison — De Trappen van Vergelijking

In Dutch, comparison works in three clear steps. You start with the normal adjective, then compare two things, and then say which one is the most.

Step 1 is the base form (no change): mooi. Step 2 is the comparative: usually adjective + -er, often with dan (than). Step 3 is the superlative: usually het + adjective + -st (for example: het mooist).

StepRuleExample (groot)
1. Base Normal adjective Mijn woonkamer is groot TranslateMijn woonkamer is groot. - My living room is big.
2. Comparative adjective + -er (+ dan) Jouw woonkamer is groter dan mijn woonkamer TranslateJouw woonkamer is groter dan mijn woonkamer. - Your living room is bigger than mine.
3. Superlative het + adjective + -st Hun woonkamer is het grootst TranslateHun woonkamer is het grootst. - Their living room is the biggest.

Special Cases & Irregular Forms

There are a few useful spelling details. If the superlative comes before a noun, add -e: het mooiste huis. Also, some adjectives use -der instead of -er, for example: duur → duurder, ver → verder.

A few common words are completely irregular, so they do not follow the normal pattern. These forms are very frequent in daily Dutch, so it is worth memorizing them early:

BaseComparativeSuperlative
goedbeter (dan)het best Translatehet best - the best
veelmeer (dan)het meest Translatehet meest - the most
weinigminder (dan)het minst Translatehet minst - the least
graagliever (dan)het liefst Translatehet liefst - the most gladly / preferably
💡 "Goed → beter → best" works just like English "good → better → best" — that makes it easy to remember!
PRACTICE

Lesson 10 Practice

Choose one activity below. Questions use vocabulary from Lessons 1 to 10.

Option 1: Choose The Correct Comparison Form

Pick the correct degree: base, comparative, or superlative.

Question 0/8 Score 0

LESSON 11

The Plurals — Het Meervoud

In Dutch, you usually make plurals in three ways: -en, -s, or -'s. Most nouns take -en, but the final letters of the word decide which ending sounds natural.

When you build the plural, spelling can change to keep pronunciation clear. You will often see a doubled consonant, one vowel removed, or s changing to z.

Rule 1: Add -en — most nouns

SingularPluralSpelling note
de katde katten Translatede kat -> de katten - the cat -> the catsdouble consonant (short vowel)
de busde bussen Translatede bus -> de bussen - the bus -> the busesdouble consonant (short vowel)
de bootde boten Translatede boot -> de boten - the boat -> the boatsdrop one vowel (long sound, now 2 syllables)
de roosde rozen Translatede roos -> de rozen - the rose -> the rosess -> z before -en
de vrouwde vrouwen Translatede vrouw -> de vrouwen - the woman -> the womenno change needed

Rule 2: Add -s — many words ending in -el, -em, -en, -er, -e, -ie

For these endings, Dutch often adds a simple -s:

SingularPlural
de tafelde tafels Translatede tafel -> de tafels - the table -> the tables
de jongende jongens Translatede jongen -> de jongens - the boy -> the boys
de dokterde dokters Translatede dokter -> de dokters - the doctor -> the doctors
het meisjede meisjes Translatehet meisje -> de meisjes - the girl -> the girls
de garagede garages Translatede garage -> de garages - the garage -> the garages

Rule 3: Add -'s — words ending in -a, -o, -u, -i, -y

With these final letters, Dutch uses apostrophe + s to keep reading and pronunciation clear:

SingularPlural
de autode auto's Translatede auto -> de auto's - the car -> the cars
de fotode foto's Translatede foto -> de foto's - the photo -> the photos
de taxide taxi's Translatede taxi -> de taxi's - the taxi -> the taxis
de babyde baby's Translatede baby -> de baby's - the baby -> the babies
💡 Useful shortcut: plural nouns use de, even if singular is het. Example: het huis -> de huizen Translatehet huis -> de huizen - the house -> the houses.
💡 Some plurals are irregular, so learn them as fixed pairs: het kind -> de kinderen Translatehet kind -> de kinderen - the child -> the children, het ei -> de eieren Translatehet ei -> de eieren - the egg -> the eggs, de stad -> de steden Translatede stad -> de steden - the city -> the cities.
PRACTICE

Lesson 11 Practice

Build plural accuracy with vocabulary from Lessons 1 to 10.

Option 1: Choose The Correct Plural Noun

Pick the correct plural form for the sentence context.

Question 0/8 Score 0

LESSON 12

The Diminutives — De Verkleinwoorden

In Dutch, diminutives are used all the time in daily speech. You make them by adding a small ending to a noun, like -je or -tje. Often it means something is smaller, but it can also sound warmer or softer.

So a diminutive is not only about size. It can show affection, make a request sound friendlier, or make something feel less serious.

PurposeExampleMeaning
Affection / warmthschat -> schatje Translateschat -> schatje - darling -> sweetiesounds warmer and more personal
Small sizestoel -> stoeltje Translatestoel -> stoeltje - chair -> small chairshows that something is physically smaller
Friendlier tonekoffie -> koffietje Translatekoffie -> koffietje - coffee -> little coffeeoften sounds more casual and polite
Downplayingprobleem -> probleempje Translateprobleem -> probleempje - problem -> small problemmakes it sound less heavy

The Five Diminutive Suffixes

Dutch has five common diminutive endings. Which one you choose depends on the last sound of the original word:

SuffixSingular examplePlural example
-jede fiets -> het fietsje Translatede fiets -> het fietsje - the bicycle -> the small bicyclede fietsjes Translatede fietsjes - the small bicycles
-tjede auto -> het autootje Translatede auto -> het autootje - the car -> the little carde autootjes Translatede autootjes - the little cars
-pjede boom -> het boompje Translatede boom -> het boompje - the tree -> the little treede boompjes Translatede boompjes - the little trees
-etjede ster -> het sterretje Translatede ster -> het sterretje - the star -> the little starde sterretjes Translatede sterretjes - the little stars
-kjede ketting -> het kettinkje Translatede ketting -> het kettinkje - the necklace -> the little necklacede kettinkjes Translatede kettinkjes - the little necklaces
💡 Quick rule for diminutives:
• In singular, a diminutive is always a het-word: de tafel -> het tafeltje Translatede tafel -> het tafeltje - the table -> the little table
• In plural, diminutives take -s and use de: het tafeltje -> de tafeltjes Translatehet tafeltje -> de tafeltjes - the little table -> the little tables
💡 Adjectives follow the same pattern as in Lesson 7: "een mooi tafeltje" Translateeen mooi tafeltje - a nice little table (no -e), but "het mooie tafeltje" Translatehet mooie tafeltje - the nice little table (with -e).
PRACTICE

Lesson 12 Practice

Practice diminutives with suffix recognition and full phrase typing.

Option 1: Choose The Correct Diminutive Suffix

Pick the suffix that completes the diminutive form.

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