To build a basic Dutch sentence, you need a subject. The subject is the person or thing that does the action in the sentence. Pronouns are very common as subjects, because they help you avoid repeating names all the time (for example, "hij" for he, or "zij" for she).
Dutch subject pronouns are divided into singular forms (one person) and plural forms (more than one person). Dutch also has a formal pronoun, "u", used in polite or respectful situations.
| Dutch | English | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Ik | I | singular |
| Jij | You | singular |
| Hij | He | singular |
| Zij | She | singular |
| U | You (formal) | singular |
| Wij | We | plural |
| Jullie | You (plural) | plural |
| Zij | They | plural |
Three pronouns — jij, zij, and wij — have shorter everyday forms: je, ze, and we. In normal conversation, the short forms are used most of the time. The full (stressed) forms are used when you want emphasis, for example to make a contrast.
| Stressed (emphasis) | Unstressed (everyday) | Example |
|---|---|---|
| jij | je | Wat wil jij drinken? |
| zij | ze | Zij is een aardige vrouw |
| wij | we | Wij zijn niet moe |
Choose the best Dutch subject pronoun to complete each sentence.
Now that you know the Dutch pronouns, the next step is verbs. In Dutch, every sentence needs a subject and a verb. A verb tells what happens, and its form changes (conjugates) based on the subject and tense.
For a regular verb in the present tense, start with the infinitive (full form), for example "werken." Remove -en to get the stem (the "ik-vorm"): werk. Then use the stem for ik, add -t for singular forms like jij / hij / zij / u, and use the full infinitive for plural forms wij / jullie / zij.
| Pronoun | Rule | werken Ik werk elke dag — I work every day | luisteren Ik luister naar muziek — I listen to music | reizen Wij reizen naar Spanje — We travel to Spain | lopen Hij loopt naar school — He walks to school |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ik | stem | werk | luister | reis | loop |
| jij / u | stem + t | werkt | luistert | reist | loopt |
| hij / zij | stem + t | werkt | luistert | reist | loopt |
| wij | infinitive | werken | luisteren | reizen | lopen |
| jullie | infinitive | werken | luisteren | reizen | lopen |
| zij (pl.) | infinitive | werken | luisteren | reizen | lopen |
If you look at the verb "reizen," you'll notice the stem is "reis" and not "reiz." And "durven" becomes "durf," not "durv." Why? Because in Dutch there is a rule that words can never end on a "z" or "v." So when forming the stem, you must change z → s and v → f. This is called the s/v rule.
You'll also notice that "lopen" becomes "loop" (with a double "o"). This is about vowel spelling. In Dutch, the way you write vowels depends on whether the sound is long or short and how many syllables the word has:
| Situation | Spelling | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 1 syllable + long sound | double vowel | loop , raam |
| 2+ syllables + long sound | single vowel | lo-pen , ta-len |
| 1 syllable + short sound | single vowel | tas , man |
| 2+ syllables + short sound | vowel + double consonant | jassen , mannen |
All the information above works for regular verbs. But irregular verbs simply don't follow the rules — they are the rebels! You need to memorize their forms. Here are some of the most important irregular verbs:
| hebbento have | zijnto be | gaanto go | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ik | heb | ben | ga |
| jij | hebt | bent | gaat |
| hij/zij | heeft | is | gaat |
| u | hebt / heeft | bent | gaat |
| wij | hebben | zijn | gaan |
| jullie | hebben | zijn | gaan |
| zij (pl.) | hebben | zijn | gaan |
These are the most common Dutch verbs you'll encounter. Try to learn them together with their English meaning and practice conjugating each one with different pronouns.
| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| zijn | to be |
| hebben | to have |
| worden | to become |
| doen | to do |
| zeggen | to say |
| komen | to come |
| zien | to see |
| vinden | to find |
| denken | to think |
| nemen | to take |
| maken | to make |
| werken | to work |
| spreken | to speak |
| lezen | to read |
| schrijven | to write |
| eten | to eat |
| drinken | to drink |
| slapen | to sleep |
| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| lopen | to walk |
| blijven | to stay |
| weten | to know |
| staan | to stand |
| zitten | to sit |
| liggen | to lie (down) |
| krijgen | to get/receive |
| geven | to give |
| kijken | to watch |
| luisteren | to listen |
| houden | to hold |
| brengen | to bring |
| wachten | to wait |
| spelen | to play |
| leren | to learn |
| reizen | to travel |
| helpen | to help |
| heten | to be called |
Choose one activity below. Only one quiz is shown at a time, and you can switch whenever you want.
Pick the correct present-tense verb form for the pronoun and infinitive.
See a pronoun and an infinitive, then choose the matching conjugated form.
Choose the correct Dutch stem before you conjugate the verb.
Choose the spelling explanation that matches the stem change.
Choose the correct present-tense form of an irregular verb.
Modal verbs (modale werkwoorden / hulpwerkwoorden) are helper verbs. They don't usually stand alone; they work together with another verb. They add meaning like necessity, ability, permission, intention, or future.
Dutch uses six common modal verbs: moeten, willen, kunnen, mogen, zullen, and hoeven. Each one changes how your sentence sounds:
| Verb | Meaning | What it expresses | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| moeten | must / have to | obligation or necessity | Ik moet vroeg opstaan. |
| kunnen | can / be able to | ability or possibility | Zij kan goed zingen. |
| willen | want | desire or willingness | Wij willen koffie drinken. |
| mogen | may / allowed to | asking or granting permission | Mag ik hier zitten? |
| zullen | shall / will | future tense | Hij zal later komen. |
| hoeven | need to (neg. only) | something is not necessary | Ik hoef niet te koken. |
In the present tense, modal verbs are mostly irregular. So you usually cannot apply the regular stem + t rule. The good news is that many singular forms are short and repeat, and the plural forms are usually the infinitive.
A practical way to learn this table: first memorize the ik form, then the plural forms (wij / jullie / zij), and then the extra alternatives for jij (and sometimes u).
| moeten | kunnen | willen | mogen | zullen | hoeven | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ik | moet | kan | wil | mag | zal | hoef |
| jij | moet | kan / kunt | wil / wilt | mag | zal / zult | hoeft |
| hij/zij/u | moet | kan | wil | mag | zal | hoeft |
| wij | moeten | kunnen | willen | mogen | zullen | hoeven |
| jullie | moeten | kunnen | willen | mogen | zullen | hoeven |
| zij (pl.) | moeten | kunnen | willen | mogen | zullen | hoeven |
Choose one activity below. Quizzes use vocabulary from Lessons 1, 2, and 3.
Pick the correct modal form for the pronoun.
Use the meaning clue, then choose the correct modal form.
The modal is hidden in each sentence. Choose the correct form from the same modal verb family.
Articles are small words that come before nouns. Nouns are words for people, places, things, or ideas. In Dutch, there are three articles in total: two definite articles and one indefinite article.
"De" and "het" are definite. We use them when we mean a specific thing. For example, "de auto" means a particular car. "Een" is indefinite, so it means "a/an" and usually refers to any one thing: "een auto."
The hardest part is choosing between "de" and "het." There is no single perfect rule for every noun, but the three guidelines below will help you with most common words:
| Definite (specific) | Indefinite (any) | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| de-word | de |
een |
de auto / een auto |
| het-word | het |
een |
het huis / een huis |
| plural (all) | de |
— (none) | de huizen, de auto's |
| Rule | Article | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Rule 1: For people or animals we use | de | de vader, de leraar, de buurvrouw, de hond, de kat Exceptions: het kind, het meisje Exceptions: the child, the girl |
| Rule 2: For plural forms we always use | de | het boek → de boeken, het dorp → de dorpen |
| Rule 3: For diminutives (-je) we use | het | de auto → het autootje, de bloem → het bloemetje But if the diminutive is plural, we use "de" again: het autootje → de autootjes If plural: the small car → the small cars |
Practice articles with vocabulary from Lessons 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Pick the correct article for the noun in context.
Choose the correct article for plural nouns.
Fix article mistakes in short phrases.
Dutch word order can change depending on the sentence type. The best place to start is the "hoofdzin" (main sentence). Once this pattern feels natural, other sentence patterns become much easier.
Think of the main sentence as up to six slots. Slot 1 is the subject, slot 2 is the conjugated verb, and those two stay next to each other. After that you can add time (when?), other information, place (where?), and finally a second verb in the infinitive. Not every sentence uses all six slots: short patterns like 1-2-3 ("Ik werk morgen.") and 1-2-5 ("Ik werk thuis.") are also correct.
In real Dutch, we often start with time, place, or another detail instead of the subject. As soon as you do that, word order changes: the verb comes before the subject. This pattern is called inversion.
Keep this one rule in mind: the conjugated verb must stay in position 2. So if position 1 is taken by something else, the subject moves to position 3. Position 1 does not need to be time; it can also be place or another detail ("In Utrecht werk ik."). Time is optional in inversion.
Starting with place is less common, but you can use it when you want to stress the location:
Drag the words into the placeholders to build the correct sentence structure.
Use the six slots: Subject - Verb - Time - Other - Place - Second Verb.
Use the inversion slots: Time/Other - Verb - Subject - Other - Place - Second Verb.
In Dutch, you can ask questions in two main ways: start with a verb, or start with a question word. In both patterns you get inversion, so the verb comes before the subject (just like in Lesson 5).
In yes/no questions, the conjugated verb comes first. Because the subject comes after the verb, this is inversion. They are called "closed questions" because the answer is usually ja (yes) or nee (no).
In open questions, you start with a question word (similar to English: who, what, where, when...). That question word takes position 1, the verb stays in position 2, and the subject comes in position 3.
| Dutch | English | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Wie | Who | Wie is dat? |
| Wat | What | Wat wil jij drinken? |
| Waar | Where | Waar woon jij? |
| Wanneer | When | Wanneer ga je op vakantie? |
| Waarom | Why | Waarom leer je Nederlands? |
| Hoe | How | Hoe gaat het? |
| Hoeveel | How much / many | Hoeveel kost het? |
| Hoe laat | What time | Hoe laat begint de film? |
Choose one activity below. Only one quiz is shown at a time, and you can switch whenever you want.
Use this order: Verb - Subject - Time - Other.
Use this order: Question Word - Verb - Subject - Rest.
Adjectives describe nouns: they tell you what something is like. Examples are "mooi" (beautiful), "leuk" (nice), "klein" (small), and "groot" (big). In Dutch, the adjective can change depending on where it appears in the sentence.
If the adjective comes before the noun, you usually add -e: de mooie tas, het kleine meisje, een mooie tas. The main exception is een + singular het-word, where the adjective stays in its base form: een klein meisje.
If the adjective is used after the noun (usually with a verb like "is"), it does not change: "De tas is mooi." Compare that with before the noun: "de mooie tas."
| Combination | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| de + adj + noun | + e | de duure fiets |
| het + adj + noun | + e | het groote huis |
| een + adj + de noun | + e | een nieuwe jas |
| een + adj + het noun ⚠️ | NO -e | een nieuw huis |
When you add -e to an adjective, spelling may adjust to keep the same pronunciation. Use the patterns below as a pronunciation guide:
| Pattern | What happens | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Short vowel | Double the final consonant | nat → natte |
| Long double vowel | Drop one vowel letter | groot → grote |
| Diphthong (ou, ei, ui…) | No change | blauw → blauwe |
| Unstressed ending | No change | aardig → aardige |
| Ends on -f | Change f → v | lief → lieve |
| Ends on -s | Change s → z | grijs → grijze |
| Short vowel + f or s | Double consonant (no v/z change) | fris → frisse |
Choose one activity below. Quizzes focus on adjective endings and spelling patterns.
Pick the correct adjective form for each phrase.
Drag words into the right order: article, adjective, noun.
Choose the correct written form when adding -e.
In Dutch, we usually negate with two words: "niet" and "geen." You can think of this as choosing between "not" and "no / not any."
Core idea: use geen when you negate a noun and mean "no / not any." It is also the negative partner of een, and it still works with plurals and uncountable nouns.
Use niet for most other cases: adjectives, verbs, prepositions, pronouns, names, and specific things. So first look at the part you are negating, then choose the word:
| Check | Example |
|---|---|
| A noun (taart, tafel, fiets…) | Hij koopt geen brood |
| Plural nouns | Wij hebben geen nieuwe schoenen |
| Uncountable nouns | Zij drinkt geen koffie |
| Languages and numbers | Ik spreek geen Spaans / Ik heb geen drie broers |
| Check | Example |
|---|---|
| No noun in the negated part | De soep is niet warm |
| A preposition (in, naar, op…) | Wij gaan niet naar school |
| A pronoun (mijn, deze, iedereen…) | Dat is niet jouw boek |
| Something unique (names, etc.) | Waarom is Pieter niet op kantoor? |
Choose one activity below. Questions include words from Lessons 1 to 7.
Pick the correct negation word for each sentence.
Use this order: Subject - Verb - Negation - Rest.
In Lesson 1 you learned personal pronouns (ik, jij, hij, zij...). Now we move to possessive pronouns: words that show who something belongs to. You can use them before a noun (mijn tas = my bag) or in a phrase with van (de tas is van mij = the bag is mine).
| Subject | Object (after preposition) | Possessive (before noun) | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ik | mij / me | mijn | Dit is mijn fiets / De fiets is van mij |
| jij | jou / je | jouw | Dit is jouw jas / De jas is van jou |
| hij | hem | zijn | Dit is zijn sleutel / De sleutel is van hem |
| zij | haar | haar | Dit is haar telefoon / De telefoon is van haar |
| u | u | uw | Dit is uw agenda / De agenda is van u |
| wij | ons | ons / onze | Dit is ons huis / Dit is onze auto |
| jullie | jullie | jullie | Dit is jullie kamer / De kamer is van jullie |
| zij (pl.) | hen | hun | Dit is hun laptop / De laptop is van hen |
Choose one activity below. Questions use vocabulary from Lessons 1 to 9.
Pick the correct possessive pronoun in context.
Choose between ons and onze.
Use this order: Subject - Verb - Possessive - Noun Phrase - Rest.
In Dutch, comparison works in three clear steps. You start with the normal adjective, then compare two things, and then say which one is the most.
Step 1 is the base form (no change): mooi. Step 2 is the comparative: usually adjective + -er, often with dan (than). Step 3 is the superlative: usually het + adjective + -st (for example: het mooist).
| Step | Rule | Example (groot) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Base | Normal adjective | Mijn woonkamer is groot |
| 2. Comparative | adjective + -er (+ dan) | Jouw woonkamer is groter dan mijn woonkamer |
| 3. Superlative | het + adjective + -st | Hun woonkamer is het grootst |
There are a few useful spelling details. If the superlative comes before a noun, add -e: het mooiste huis. Also, some adjectives use -der instead of -er, for example: duur → duurder, ver → verder.
A few common words are completely irregular, so they do not follow the normal pattern. These forms are very frequent in daily Dutch, so it is worth memorizing them early:
| Base | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| goed | beter (dan) | het best |
| veel | meer (dan) | het meest |
| weinig | minder (dan) | het minst |
| graag | liever (dan) | het liefst |
Choose one activity below. Questions use vocabulary from Lessons 1 to 10.
Pick the correct degree: base, comparative, or superlative.
Use this order: Subject - Verb - Comparative - dan - Comparison - Rest.
In Dutch, you usually make plurals in three ways: -en, -s, or -'s. Most nouns take -en, but the final letters of the word decide which ending sounds natural.
When you build the plural, spelling can change to keep pronunciation clear. You will often see a doubled consonant, one vowel removed, or s changing to z.
| Singular | Plural | Spelling note |
|---|---|---|
| de kat | de katten | double consonant (short vowel) |
| de bus | de bussen | double consonant (short vowel) |
| de boot | de boten | drop one vowel (long sound, now 2 syllables) |
| de roos | de rozen | s -> z before -en |
| de vrouw | de vrouwen | no change needed |
For these endings, Dutch often adds a simple -s:
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| de tafel | de tafels |
| de jongen | de jongens |
| de dokter | de dokters |
| het meisje | de meisjes |
| de garage | de garages |
With these final letters, Dutch uses apostrophe + s to keep reading and pronunciation clear:
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| de auto | de auto's |
| de foto | de foto's |
| de taxi | de taxi's |
| de baby | de baby's |
Build plural accuracy with vocabulary from Lessons 1 to 10.
Pick the correct plural form for the sentence context.
Use the bracket hint: determiner + adjective + noun.
In Dutch, diminutives are used all the time in daily speech. You make them by adding a small ending to a noun, like -je or -tje. Often it means something is smaller, but it can also sound warmer or softer.
So a diminutive is not only about size. It can show affection, make a request sound friendlier, or make something feel less serious.
| Purpose | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Affection / warmth | schat -> schatje | sounds warmer and more personal |
| Small size | stoel -> stoeltje | shows that something is physically smaller |
| Friendlier tone | koffie -> koffietje | often sounds more casual and polite |
| Downplaying | probleem -> probleempje | makes it sound less heavy |
Dutch has five common diminutive endings. Which one you choose depends on the last sound of the original word:
| Suffix | Singular example | Plural example |
|---|---|---|
| -je | de fiets -> het fietsje | de fietsjes |
| -tje | de auto -> het autootje | de autootjes |
| -pje | de boom -> het boompje | de boompjes |
| -etje | de ster -> het sterretje | de sterretjes |
| -kje | de ketting -> het kettinkje | de kettinkjes |
Practice diminutives with suffix recognition and full phrase typing.
Pick the suffix that completes the diminutive form.
Use the bracket hint and type the complete phrase.